Chapter 1: Global Access

2. Jipp, A."Wealth of Nations and Telephone Density." Telecommunications Journal. July 1963.

3. Economic Commisssion for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC). "Social Integration is Insufficient in Latin America and Caribbean." News Release . http://www.eclac.cl./english/news/Cronicaseng/ICC97164.html

4. Belinfante, A. 1998. Telephone Subscribership in the United States . Washington DC: FCC. http://www.fcc.gov/Bureaus/Common_Carrier/Reports/FCC-State_Link/IAD/subs1197.pdf

5. European Commission. Universal Service for Telecommunications in the Perspective of a Fully Liberalized Environment . Brussels: European Commission. 12 March 1996. http://www.ispo.cec.be/infosoc/legreg/9673.html

6. Albery, B. "What level of dialtone penetration constitutes ‘universal service’?" Telecommunications Policy. July 1995. http://www.elsevier.com/inca/publications/store/3/0/4/7/1/

7. Tewksbury Gardens. "Amish Lifestyle". http://www.poopets.com/lifestyle.htm

8. Goussal, D. "Unrestricted Counterline Expansion in Big Rural Systems." In Contributiones Argentinas. World Telecommunication Development Conference. March 1994.

Chapter 2: Pricing Access

1. Tyler, M. 1993. Universal Service and Innovation. Fostering Linked Goals through Regulatory Policy. Geneva: ITU. http://www.itu.int/itudoc/osg/colloq/briefrep/2ndbri/42513.html

2. ITU. 1994. "Address by the Indian Minister of Communications." World Telecommunication Development Conference, Volume III . Geneva: ITU.

3. Telebras. 1997. Annual Report 1996 on Form 20-F. Washington DC: Securities and Exchange Commission. http://www.sec.gov/

4. Irwin, T. "Price Structures, Cross-subsidies, and Competition in Infrastructure." Public Policy for the Private Sector. February 1997. http://www.worldbank.org/html/fpd/notes/107/107summary.html

5. Federal Communications Commission (United States). 1997. "In the Matter of International Settlement Rates." Report and Order. Washington DC: FCC. http://www.fcc.gov/Bureaus/International/Orders/1997/fcc97280.html

6. Cooper, M. 1996. Universal Service: A Historical Perspective and Policies for the Twenty-First Century . Washington DC: Benton. http://www.benton.org/Library/Prospects/prospects.html

7. Ministry for Posts, Telecommunications and Broadcasting (South Africa). 1997. Partnership for the Future. Pretoria: Telkom. http://www.doc.org.za/docs/strategy/partners.html Irwin, T. "Price Structures, Cross-subsidies, and Competition in Infrastructure." Public Policy for the Private Sector. February 1997. http://www.worldbank.org/html/fpd/notes/107/107summary.html

Chapter 3: Supplying Access

1. Weeb, W. "Mobility in the Local Loop: A Case of Mistaken Identity?" Mobile Communications International. September 1997.

2. Willis, P. 1996. Wireless in the Local Loop: Growth opportunities in Europe . London: FT Telecoms & Media Publishing. http://www.ftmedia.com/telecoms/wil.htm

3. CDMA Development Group. "The Economics of Wireless Local Loop" . http://www.cdg.org/economics.html

4. Motorola Press Release. "Motorola wins contract to supply CDMA WILL system in Yemen." 12 December 1996. http://www.mot.com/CNSS/CIG/Press/press_archive_1996/19961212.html

5. Telkom. 1997. Annual Report 1996/97. Pretoria, South Africa. http://www.telkom.co.za/annrp.htm

6. See Gabel, D. and Kennet, D.M. "The Effect of Cellular Service on the Cost Structure of a Land-Based Telephone Network". Columbia Institute for Tele-Information. 9 September 1996. http://www.citi.columbia.edu/wireless/gabelpap.htm

7. Frieden, R. "Business, Legal, Regulatory and Spectrum Challenges to Widespread Deployment of Wireless Telephony". Columbia Institute for Tele-Information. http://www.citi.columbia.edu/wireless/frieden.htm

8. Rocks, D. "Wire Straits". tele.com . July 1997. http://www.teledotcom.com/0797/features/tdc0797cover2.html

9. Jacobsen, A. "Wireless Local Loop Technology: Motivations and Alternatives." Diva Communications White Paper . October 1995. http://www.diva.com/wpwll.htm

10. ITU. "ITU Standards Development for Wireless Access Systems - WAS". http://www.itu.int/imt/was/index.html

11 Telecom Italia Press Release. "Telecom Italia’s FIDO 'City Supercordless' service launched". 23 December 1997. http://www.telecomitalia.it/mainweb/txe23127.htm

12. "Poland - MoC restricts TPSA’s use of CDMA-based WLL". International Telecommunications Intelligence. 29 September 1997. http://www.espicom.com/action/Products.nsf?Open

13. The ADSL Forum. "General Introduction to Copper Access Technologies". http://www.adsl.com/general_tutorial.html

14. Clarke, A. "Extra Terrestrial Relays". Wireless World. October 1945. http://alto.histech.rwth-aachen.de/www/leute/friedewald/clarke/clarkeExtra.html

15. Chairman's Revised Report. 1996. Policy and Regulatory Issues Raised by the Introduction of Global Mobile Personal Communications by Satellite (GMPCS) . World Telecommunication Policy Forum. Geneva, 21–23 October 1996. http://www.itu.int/pforum/final_report-e.htm

16. Iridium http://www.iridium.com and "The Universal Citizen". Public Network Europe. January 1998.

17.Volunteers in Technical Assistance (VITA). "VITA Communications Service." http://vita.org/comm/comm.html.

18. BMRB International Limited. Telecoms services : influences on customers' choice of suppliers . London: Office of Telecommunications (UK). November 1995. http://www.oftel.gov.uk/consumer/marketre.htm

Chapter 4: Universal Access

1. United Nations Development Programme. 1997. Human Development Report. New York: Oxford University Press. http://www.undp.org/undp/hdro/97.htm

2. Blackman, C. "Universal Service: Obligation or Opportunity?". Telecommunications Policy . April 1995. http://www.elsevier.com/inca/publications/store/3/0/4/7/1/

3. Mueller, M. 1996. Universal Service: Competition, Interconnection, and Monopoly in the Making of the American Telephone System . Cambridge, United States: MIT Press. http://mitpress.mit.edu/book-home.tcl?isbn=026213327X

4. Kelly, T. 1995. "Universal Service: An instrument for regulatory capture?". USO in a Competitive Environment . Cambridge (UK): Analysys. http://www.analysys.co.uk/publish/titles/uso.htm#contents

5. OECD. 1991. Universal service and rate restructuring in telecommunications. Paris: OECD. http://www.oecd.org/dsti/sti/it/cm/index.htm

6. Albery, B. "What level of dialtone penetration constitutes ‘universal service’?" Telecommunications Policy. July 1995. http://www.elsevier.com/inca/publications/store/3/0/4/7/1/

7. Dordick, H. and Fife, M. "Universal Service in post-divestiture USA." Telecommunications Policy. April 1991.

8. Schement, J. Beyond Universal Service: Characteristics of Americans without Telephones 1980-1993. Communications Policy Working Paper # 1. Washington DC: Benton. http://www.benton.org/Library/Universal/Working1/working1.html

9. The World Bank. 1997. World Development Report. Washington DC: Oxford University Press. http://www.worldbank.org/html/extpb/wdr97pa.htm.

10. Milne, C. Universal service for users: recent research results - an international perspective. Paper for the 25th annual Telecommunications Policy Research Conference, September 1997. http://www.si.umich.edu/~prie/tprc/abstracts97/012.txt .

11. Chowdary, T.H. "Universal Service Obligations in Developing Countries." Asia and Pacific Telecommunication Finance and Trade Colloquium. New Delhi, India. 3-5 November 1997. http://web.itu.ch/ITU-D/Finance/Conclusions/asia.htm#Par2

12. Ó Siochrú, S. 1996. Telecommunications and Universal Service: International Experience and the South African Effort. Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre. http://www.idrc.ca./books/focus/809/index.html

13. See Hegener, M. Telecommunications in Africa - via Internet in Particular. 24 March 1996. http://155.135.37.1/faculty/cis/lpress/devnat/general/africa.htm

14. ITU. 1997. Asia-Pacific Telecommunication Indicators: New Market Entrants. Geneva: ITU. http://web.itu.int/ti/publications/index.htm#Asia97r.

15. International Finance Corporation Press Release. "IFC to Invest in Telecommunications Fund for Central and Eastern Europe." 10 May 1994. http://www.ifc.org/press/1994/CETI.HTM

16. Nair, G. and Upadhay, G. "Hello, private operators here." Business Standard (India). November 5, 1997.

17. Pradhan, R. and Smith, P. "Franchising Telecom Service Shops: Meeting demand from nonsubscribers in Indonesia". Public Policy for the Private Sector. December 1995. http://www.worldbank.org/html/fpd/notes/notelist.html

18. Zongo, G. L'impact socio-économique et financier des télécentres privés : le cas du Sénégal. http://www.telecom-plus.sn/observatoire/tcp.htm

19. Grameen Telecom. http://www.citechco.net/grameen/telecom/

20. "A Different Asian Bank." Washington Post. 6 February 1998. http://www.washingtonpost.com/

21. Singh, S.J. "It makes a village." Tele.com. December 1997. http://www.teledotcom.com/1297/features/tdc1297bang.html.

22. Wellenius, B. "Extending Telecommunications Service to Rural Areas—The Chilean Experience: Awarding subsidies through competitive bidding". Public Policy for the Private Sector . February 1997. http://www.worldbank.org/html/fpd/notes/105/105summary.html

Chapter 5: Redefining Access

1. NUA Internet Surveys. "How Many Online?". http://www.nua.ie/surveys/how_many_online/

2. European Commission. Universal Service for Telecommunications in the Perspective of a Fully Liberalised Environment. Brussels. March 1996. http://www.ispo.cec.be/infosoc/legreg/9673.html

3. Secretary of Communications (Argentina). Decreto No 554/97. 18 June 1997. www.cnc/gov.ar/resol/D_554_97.htm .

4. ITU. 1997. Challenges to the Network: Telecoms and the Internet. Geneva: ITU. http://www.itu.int/ti/publications/inet_97/inet_97.htm

5. Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications (Japan) Press Release. "Report Submitted by Study Group for Research into Universal Services and Rates in the Multimedia Age." 1 July 1996. http://www.mpt.go.jp/pressrelease/english/telecomm/news7-7-2.html

6. See "Timed Local Calls" on the Western Australian Internet Association website: http://www.waia.asn.au/Issues/TimedCalls/index.html.

7. See NUA Internet Surveys. "Marcel Aragonès: Spain triples its Internet users every year". Available at http://www.nua.ie/surveys/.

8. See the Singapore ONE website: http://www.s-one.gov.sg/html/ .

9. For more on the benefits of telemedicine for developing countries see: ITU/BDT. Final Report. World Telemedicine Symposium for Developing Countries, Portugal, 30 June - 4 July 1997. Available at http://www.itu.int/itudoc/itu-d/study/study2/42312.html.

10. For more on telemedicine in developing countries see: ITU-D Study Group 2. Telemedicine and Developing Countries. Document 2/155(Rev.2)-E. 7 September 1997. Available at http://www.itu.int/itudoc/itu-d/study/study2/reports/42207.html.

11. For the full text of the Reference Paper see the World Trade Organization website at http://www.wto.org/wto/press/refpap-e.htm .

12. See Alexander Belinfante. Telephone Subscribership in the United States. Federal Communications Commission. Washington DC. October 1997.

13. The price cap formula established by OFTEL, the telecommunication regulator, currently stands at CPI-4.5 per cent [check]. The price cap is due to be eliminated in 2001 [check] when BT is deemed to have completed its rebalancing and to be sufficiently exposed to competition to require no additional price controls.

14. Ministry for Posts, Telecommunications and Broadcasting (South Africa). 1997. Partnership for the Future. Pretoria: Telkom. http://www.doc.org.za/docs/strategy/partners.html