1 Introduction and background

2 The dynamics of international capacity provision in developing countries

2.1 The Global context

2.2 International capacity costs

2.3 Global transit

3 International connectivity provision

3.1 Ways and means of enabling international connectivity

3.2 Market developments and strategies

3.3 Ownership and financing models for international infrastructure

4 Countries with special challenges in meeting international connectivity needs

4.1 The case of the Pacific islands

4.2 The case of Rwanda: a landlocked country

4.3 The case of a country emerging from civil strife

5 Economics of international Internet connectivity

5.1 Factors having an impact on international Internet connectivity

5.2 Barriers to connectivity

6 Possible operational strategies for improving connectivity

6.1 Ensuring reliability

6.2 Joint planning and shared deployment costs

6.4 Planning for future links – submarine cable branching units and stubs

6.3 Linking coastal countries: Festoon systems

6.5 Making use of the next generation of high-capacity satellite systems

7 Policy and regulatory consideration with regard to international Internet connectivity

7.1 Easing access to rights of way

7.2 Addressing land crossing requirements

7.3 Regional mechanisms to ensure equal access by all network operators

7.4 Political projects

7.5 The island-hopping approach

7.6 Regional connectivity initiatives

7.7 Domestic infrastructure and demand building

7.8 Capacity building and innovation

7.9 Special arrangements for landlocked countries

7.10 Ensuring strong regulation to address market dominance

8 Principles and guidelines for ensuring better international access

8.1 The connectivity strategy building blocks

8.2 Monitoring and evaluation of the impact of connectivity strategies

8.3 Global and regional collaboration to improve international capacity for developing countries

Annex 1: References and further resources

Annex 2: Glossary and abbreviations

Annex 3: Technical background to optic fibre communications

A3.1 Introduction

A3.2 Optical fibre

A3.3 Transmission systems

A3.4 Fibre optical communication systems and networks