Financing universal access to digital technologies and services
Acknowledgements
Foreword
Table of contents
List of figures and tables
1 Executive summary
Part A – The universal access financing context
2 The universal service imperative: Why it matters
     2.1 Social returns: it matters for inclusion
     2.2 Economic returns: it matters for economic growth
     2.3 Financial returns: it has to be worth the risk
3 Priorities: connectivity, adoption and inclusion
     3.1 Funding follows good policy
     3.2 Funding priorities
     3.3 Beneficiaries
4 Funding gaps
     4.1 Overview
     4.2 Measuring infrastructure gaps
     4.3 Measuring adoption gaps
5 Who is funding broadband and digital transactions?
     5.1 Infrastructure funding actors
     5.2 Funding actors for adoption and innovation
     5.3 Digital inclusion: key actors
Part B – The financing toolbox
6 Blended finance
     6.1 Context
     6.2 Blending as a tool
     6.3 Blending for additionality
7 Funding instruments
     7.1 Overview
     7.2 Risk mitigation mechanisms
     7.3 Creative financial solutions
8 Structural funds
     8.1 Introduction to structural funds
     8.2 National, regional and community-level intervention: USAFs
     8.3 Regional-level intervention: State aid and ESIFs
     8.4 Funds for innovation
     8.5 Key observations
9 USAF 2.0: Evolving the USAF for effectiveness and relevance
     9.1 Introduction to USAFs
     9.2 Context of fund review
     9.3 Steps to review funds
     9.4 Low-utilization funds
     9.5 Scope of funds
     9.6 New mandates and roles for USAFs
     9.7 Sources of funding
     9.8 Beneficiaries
     9.9 Approaches to Funding
     9.10 Fund administration
     9.11 Programmes that do good and facilitate investment
Part C – Non-finance mechanisms: Regulatory incentives to reduce risk and costs
10 Background
11 Connectivity, network and access incentives
12 Adoption and inclusion incentives
     12.1 Consumer protection, privacy and data protection policies, laws and regulations
     12.2 Investment enabling regulation
13 Sandboxes: Spurring innovation and development incentives
14 Tools to implement incentives
15 Regulatory forbearance
16 Play policies: In-kind contributions
     16.1 Measured “play” strategies
     16.2 Key considerations: play obligations
Part D – Programmes, projects and practices
17 Infrastructure business models
     17.1 State ownership: direct investment/equity
     17.2 Public-private partnerships (PPPs)
     17.3 Privately-owned municipal, local government and regional PPP models
     17.4 Publicly owned regional and municipal networks (design, build, operate)
     17.5 Community ownership
18 Financing adoption, use, innovation and inclusion
     18.1 Overview
     18.2 Adoption, use, inclusion and innovation models
     18.3 Project and Initiative selection
     18.4 Supporting tools: research and mapping
     18.5 Public connectivity
     18.6 Adoption: uptake and use
     18.7 Innovation and SME development
Part E – Using funding to mainstream the inclusion of women and girls
19 Conclusion
<\pre>