RECOMMENDATION ITU-R P.527-3* - ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH ANNEX 1 1. Introduction 2. Permittivity and conductivity values 3. Penetration and spread of waves 4. Sea 4.1 Sea water 4.2 Sea ice 5. Factors determining the effective electrical characteristics 5.1 Nature of the soil 5.2 Moisture content 5.3 Temperature 5.4 Seasonal variation 5.5 Energy absorption by surface objects