Digital Twin – science fiction turning to reality of our days
October 2021
As the things are connected to the network and the data are accumulated in the cloud servers, the engineers dream of regenerating the real world objects in the virtual world. The most sophisticated technologies allow us to monitor the machine a long distance away in a real time manner. With sufficient accuracy and volume of data, such regenerated “virtual object” looks as if it is located just in front of us. That is Digital Twin, reality in the virtual world.
Digital Twin is not just about knowing and regenerating the physical objects in the virtual world in real time. It converts the time series data into the history of the object and, more importantly, help to predict what will happen next. If applied, for example, to industry machine, failure of machine is not just detection but more about prediction well before it actually happens. You will see the development of the situation like you fast-forward a movie video on the video-on-demand.
To realize the Digital Twin, we need a set of new technologies including, but not limited to, cloud computing, data handling, AI/ML and networks. This is what SG13 is being looking at. According to the SG13 experts of Q22/13, particularity of the Digital Twin Network (DTN) is in virtual representation of the physical network, analyzing, diagnosing, simulating and controlling the physical network based on data, model and interface, so as to achieve the real-time interactive mapping between physical network and virtual twin network. Question 17 and 18 in SG13 deal with cloud computing requirements and architecture. Their activities are expanding into data handling such as data integration, data exchange, data provenance and etc. Question 19 deals with management aspects of cloud computing and data handling. All these Questions activities are not only about how their technologies support Digital Twin but also about how massive data produced by the cloud and network nodes is used for running the cloud and network infrastructure smoothly. This is a test case of showing how Digital Twin is useful in the real operation of infrastructure. Question 20 is moving towards AI/ML technologies. It produced a key concept of ML pipeline as defined in ITU-T Rec. Y.3172. This technology, combined with cloud and data handling technologies, is one of the technologies supporting Digital Twin. To realize Digital Twin, we need more highly capable networks in terms of high bandwidth, low latency, high reliability and global reachability. Question 20, 21, 22 and 23 are working on IMT-2020 and beyond which, as I personally believe, will satisfy these requirements. Question 6 is working on the quality of service of the networks in collaboration with SG12. The innovations like Digital Twin will benefit the developing countries. Question 5 is expected to bridge the gap between developed and developing countries by, for example, sharing their experiences on how they apply this new technology in the real society.
Above mentioned activities are only the tip of the iceberg. We welcome your proposals to stimulate imagination of standard developers and to make our future a bit brighter!
(By Yoshinori Goto, SG13 Acting-Chairman)
Intent-Based Network in SG13
June 2021
With the diversification of application scenarios and services, the network scale is getting larger and larger. Traditional networks require a lot of manual configuration and diagnosis, which brings high management overhead.
Network management methods can no longer meet the needs, and the network architecture needs a new management level. Computing ability and intelligence will be ubiquitous in the next generation of mobile networks. Intent-based networking is an intermediate point in the transition period from automatic to autonomity.
It has gradually formed a consensus that artificial intelligence, especially machine learning technology, can be used to reduce the need for manual intervention. With the development of cognitive-driven and intent-driven networks, knowledge-defined networks implemented by SDN (Software Defined Networks), telemetry, bionic intelligence and other technologies will help achieve the goal of network autonomy by introducing a knowledge plane into the network.
An intent-based network is a great technology to enhanced the evolution of IMT-2020 network and beyond. It is a network that uses "user intent" for management. It can recognize and receive the intent of users (including end users and network administrators), and configure and adjust itself according to user intent. In order to achieve the expected result, the user does not need to specify the detailed technical steps for the realization in the process.
ITU-T SG13 Q21 has initiated a new draft Recommendation to introduce an intent-based management and orchestration into the architecture of IMT-2020 and future networks, with the help of intention network, IMT-2020 network can realize a highly automated, intelligent and closed-loop control network. And the experts who is supportive for this Recommendation on Intent-based network topic are welcome.
(By Dr Kazunori Tanikawa and Yushuang Hu, Co-rapporteurs for Q21/13)
Network 2030 and New IP based networks: Is there a difference?
March 2020
In 2018 ITU-T Study Group 13 created New Focus Group Network 2030. In 2019 several presentation sessions alongside SG13 meetings and TSAG meeting were held for describing the concept of “New IP”. At an information session of recent TSAG meeting (10-14 February 2020) Dr Richard Li, the Chairman of Focus Group Network 2030, gave a presentation to explain definition and scope of Network 2030 as well as of “New IP”.
Network 2030 studies the capabilities of networks for the year 2030 and beyond. New IP stands for studies on new protocols and the corresponding network architecture, requirements, capabilities, signalling and control, which aim to empower more capabilities and services that would be expected from inside the network to support and implement requirements from Network 2030, advanced backhaul transport (5G, B5G, and even 6G), emerging industry verticals, privacy, trust and intrinsic security, among others. Such new protocols show promises that overcome limitations of the current IP protocols and IP based networks regarding new emerging applications. New IP is not a deliverable of Focus Group Network 2030 studies, but might supply solutions for scenarios considered by the Focus Group. Such protocols are under work by engineers and research scientists from both industry and academia, and three PoC demos from three different organizations have been presented independently and live-shown in the Focus Group’s latest workshop in conjunction with the FG NET2030 meeting in Lisbon in January 2020, but no standardization has been started yet.
Therefore Network 2030 and New IP are related but two independent streams of work. Proposals for the creation of new work items or new Questions related to New IP and Network 2030 in ITU-T Study Groups for next study period have to be considered separately. While studies related to Network 2030 have a real long-term scope of 10 and more years, New IP standardization can be started by ITU-T study groups much earlier. SG13 Co-located Rapporteur Group Meeting 2-13 March 2020 has received contribution C871-R1 which proposes parts of New IP standardization that can be started already now.
However, the discussion during TSAG information session showed, that further clarification is required in order to understand, which work can be started at what time and what problem such work will solve. Thus, SG13 chairman invites to joining SG13’s adhoc on NSP (next study period) for the identification of new Questions which are related to new IP based network architecture and capabilities.
(By Dr Leo Lehmann, SG13 Chairman)
AI and Blockchain Enabled Edge of Things with Privacy Preserving Computation
July 2019
By Gyu Myoung LEE and Upul JAYASINGHE (Department of Computer Science, Liverpool John Moores University,
Liverpool, UK) Guidelines and Methodologies for Developing Technical Recommendations
March 2019
In implementing the decision of TSAG July 2016 meeting, the ad-hoc group on guidance for drafting technical Recommendations led by Mr Wu Tong (China Telecom) and Mr Marco Carugi (Huawei Technologies) was set up. This ad-hoc elaborated some directions on how to draft the technical Recommendations in ITU-T. The group had physical and electronic meetings alongside SG13 activities.
The last meeting of the Ad-hoc on guidance for drafting technical Recommendations took place during the Study Group meeting in Victoria Falls, organized in two sessions. The report of those sessions was reviewed and approved at the SG13 closing plenary. Ad-hoc fulfilled its objectives and delivered the output document “Guidelines and methodologies for developing technical Recommendations”. SG13 agreed to pass over this Guideline document to TSAG for further consideration. With this, the Ad-hoc groups accomplished its activities and was dismissed. The co-conveners Mr Marco Carugi (Huawei) and Mr Wu Tong (China Telecom) were thanked for their leadership and dedication attributed to the development of Guideline document since early 2017.
By Wu Tong (China Telecom) and Marco Carugi (Huawei Technologies, USA))
Internet 2030 - Towards a New Internet for the Year 2030 and Beyond
September 2018
(By Kiran Makhijani (Futurewei Technologies))
5G in simple words
October 2017
The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) announced an IMT-2020 vision as future IMT systems should support the enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) use case, emerging use cases with a variety of applications such as massive machine-type communications (mMTC) and ultra-reliable and low latency communications (URLLC).
Looking into the future, analysts' say that new demands, such as more traffic volume, many more devices with large gamma of service requirements, better quality of user experience (QoE) and better affordability by further reducing costs, will require an increasing number of innovative solutions. The same forecast experts claim, billions of people and devices in 5G networks will communicate at a speed of 1 Gbit/s. Technology allowing this should be in place by 2020.
The new generation of the mobile communication changes roughly each 10 years. Nowadays we are rapidly approaching the 5G era of mobile communication. One can question why 4G systems are not good? The answer comes from the ITU-R 5G vision document that the exponential growth of the need for communication over the wireless devises by the end of 2020 will require the high reaction of the system (ideally with the delay less that one millisecond) and ultra-broadband connectivity of mass mobile devices. This may be further described by the increased flexibility end-to-end, mobility of users while accessing a service, energy efficiency and system reliability.
To set up first steps towards this, ITU-T work on such a pre-5G area as virtualization of the networks further developed in the orchestrated software defined networking solutions. IMT-2020 network management and orchestration should support a combination of IMT-2020 network systems and existing systems (e.g., LTE-Advanced, Wi-Fi and Fixed Network), coupled with new/revolutionary technologies designed to meet new customer's demands. To meet these new requirements, the cost of deployment and operation will increase enormously. Network operators need to optimize CAPEX/OPEX by strategically interacting with multiple technology ecosystems especially for different radio/fixed access and virtualized core network technologies. Therefore, management and orchestration for IMT-2020 network is required to support both existing networks as well as evolving networks in an integrated manner.
What is the difference from the previous generation of mobile communication? It is a very rapid response of the system that allows multiple applications to provide services almost immediately. This will have implementations in the remote surgery and best route choice for medical emergency to reach the car accident site, autonomous driving, bus/fleet traffic management, railways or high speed train communication, robotics and factory manipulators automation, holograms creation, other latency critical applications. To give some figures, in the future the user will get used to the high quality video/text information he gets on his wireless device at a speed of 10 Gbit/s with the system reply less than 1 ms.
A dream to have reliable services anytime everywhere at any unit with stable quality independent of the access is coming true. In order to have such high-speed communication the latter is pushed to the upper frequency bands, tens GHz. These frequency bands are not much in use and will provide a bandwidth for the high-speed communication. However the particularity of such frequency bands is an elevated signal loss or changes at the recipient side. To avoid this the antennas of the receivers should be located in the proximity of the end user. Visible obstacles also caused problems to radio waves propagation at these frequencies. Therefore to suit a requirement of the high speed communication the signal should be routed using the optimal path to each concrete user taking into account its move relatively to the base station.
Trials of 5G networks prototypes have already been presented by such companies as: Huawei, Vodafone, Nokia, Sonera, Ericsson, Qualcomm, Cisco, Samsung, Huawei, NTT DoCoMo and others. These and other representatives of the telecommunication market offer various innovative solutions for the 5G. For example, recently, Optus and Huawei have improved the data rate record in pre-5G networks, raising them to 35 Gbit/s, having tests at 73 GHz, and at the international economic forum in St. Petersburg MegaFon and Huawei presented the fifth generation base station in operation, in the millimeter frequency range at a frequency of 70 GHz with a bandwidth of 2 GHz, having demonstrated the work of the fifth-generation network at a speed of 35 Gbit/s.
These experiments showed that the requirements to the 5G for a maximum data rate of up to 20 Gbit/s and a response time from 1 ms can be successfully implemented in the millimeter wave bandwidth.
Programmability bravely enters our lives. This is where some operation of the network maybe entrusted to the software that, for example, will collect the statistical data on user's move, meteorological condition around him, real obstacles on the way of the signal and build a dedicated traffic route known in the experts' world as network slice instance. Such instance is a set of managed run-time network functions performed at physical/logical/virtual resources. In other words, the network slice instance forms a complete instantiated logical network to meet certain network characteristics required by the service instance.
As long as we drop to the level of implementation for the actual delivery of the information in the 5G networks, i.e., transport layer, some router functions are now entrusted to the software defined switches to be set up at the mobile base stations. This is known as frontfaul solution (Fronthaul (FH): Link connection between the base station baseband and remote radio head) compared to the well-known backhaul (BH) that is a link connection between the base station and higher level network elements.
Network slicing, running multiple logical networks as virtually independent business operations on a common infrastructure, will also apply to the transport networks. The transport network already provides isolation between its clients that share a common infrastructure (e.g. a fibre) by using either TDM (e.g. OTN) or packet (e.g. VLAN) multiplexing.
When a terminal for URLCC and eMBB is moving from a cell to an adjacent cell, the dedicated resource should be re-allocated to the link connecting to the adjacent cell according to the position of the terminal in a slice. If this re-allocation is conducted by the orchestrator and the reallocation covers all of the terminals, large traffic for this control will be flown. In such a case, the controller can reallocate the resources (instead of orchestrator) by its own decision. The controllability for the reallocation is expected to be transferred from orchestrator to the controller in FH/BH.
Increasing number of devices and their high concentration at the given square put additional requirements on operation of those in a small and femto cells. As mobile broadband moves to IMT‑Advanced and beyond with the increased implementation of small cells, there is a need to have access to wireless short-haul very high capacity links in urban areas close to users where in many cases fiber is not available.
In a small cell radio-over-fiber (RoF - fibre-optic transmission of waveform for radiocommunication services) technology, may be used for delivering the information from antennas to base station and further to information recipient. This way the radio signal is converted into the optical signal that may be delivered via optical fiber with almost no loss of signal strength. RoF is of particular help in the area with difficult air propagation of signals (mountains, constructions radio shadow zones). The waveform of the radio signal represents the essential physical information for radiocommunication services. During fibre-optic transmission the waveform stays unchanged.
ICN is also considered as a potential networking scheme to be deployed and operated by software-defined networking (SDN) on network slices created and programmed by network function virtualization (NFV), network softwarization and in-network processing. Another beauty of the Information-Centric Networking (ICN) is in exploring a new identification mechanism that may create alterative to the IP addressing in networks.
In general, the implementation of 5G/IMT-2020 technologies allows operators to establish single infrastructure to be used for providing different types of services over fixed and mobile networks.
To conclude, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has set the task of creating the fifth generation of mobile communication (5G) by 2020 with the requirement of a maximum data transfer rate of up to 20 Gbit/s and the ability to connect up to a million Internet objects (IoT devices) grouped at one square kilometer allowing immediate response from the system (ms latency).
(By Dr Tatiana Kurakova)
Service Framework to Support Web Objects based Ubiquitous Self-Directed Learning
October 2017
In ubiquitous self-directed learning (uSDL), the individual takes the initiative and the responsibility for what occurs. Individuals select, manage, and assess their own learning activities, which can be pursued at any time, in any place, through any means, at any age on the web environments. The web service environment to support uSDL will provide the efficient abilities to efficiently access and share huge and diverse information and knowledge among uSDL leaners. Enabling the full use of web services for uSDL will require the additional technologies to address various challenging issues, e.g., dynamic search, query, learning, investigate, sharing, reuse, collaboration and creation of educational contents. The uSDL empowers the learners to investigate freely in devising the experimental procedures and deciding on how the results are interpreted through the applications of web service environments as follows.
- a learner is empowered to take increasingly more responsibility for various decisions associated with the learning endeavour;
- a learner is able to transfer learning in terms of both knowledge and study skill;
- uSDL supports various activities and resources, such as self-guided reading, participation in study groups, internships, electronic dialogues, and reflective writing activities;
- uSDL gives the learner the opportunity to access educational materials at different times from different locations.
ITU-T Study Groups 13 recently approved a new Recommendation ITU-T Y.2241, service framework to support web objects based ubiquitous self-directed learning. This Recommendation provides a much-needed approach to support a web objects based ubiquitous self-directed learning (uSDL) service including overview, content object model, functional capabilities, security and trust considerations of web objects based uSDL. As shown the following figure it is very necessary that a novel paradigm for learning in ubiquitous environment would have to be considered to promote and share a collective intelligence and knowledge well.
The functional features of uSDL of Y.2241 characterize to form the mobile learning with the mobility and pervasiveness or omnipresent education environment. It supports adaptive learning methodologies in accordance with learner's preference, learning situations and learner's understanding level. Y.2241 provides the framework to enable uSDL learners to access educational objects flexibly and seamlessly in both a pervasive and a persistent environment. A learner may move or locate around ubiquitous space and collaborate with various learning objects (texts, media and all educational materials) to get learning information. The following figure shows a service provisioning model of web objects based uSDL.
The uSDL content objects are created via a virtualization process from physical digital text, images and other media such as presentations, streamed audio, or video files. The educational content objects in uSDL are characterized by the relationship among educational objects to provide learning contents and system resources as indicated in [ITU-T Y.4452]. The various existing educational content objects in the web environment collaborate using multiple sets of required metadata. The objects that are used to provide for the uSDL will be text, video, media, and a different field of omnipresent is provided to users according to their specific selection of prepared learning materials.
The below figure illustrates an educational content objects model in the web objects based uSDL provision environments. This is consistent with the functional framework of web of objects captured in [ITU-T Y.4452].
Legend:
COD - Contents Objects Database
CVO - composite virtual object
VO - virtual object
(By Professor Ilyoung Chong)
First new ITU standards on trust
July 2017
Based on the significant efforts made to build converged Information and Communications Technology (ICT) services and a reliable information infrastructure while taking into account social and economic considerations, ITU members have focused on trust standardization. For this, ITU newly defined that ‘trust’ is the measureable belief and/or confidence which represents accumulated value from history and the expecting value for future. ITU also recognized that, in ICT environments, trust affects the preference of an entity to consume a particular service offered by another entity and it affects the decision making of an entity to transact with another entity. Furthermore, trust is a broader concept that can cover security and privacy as trust revolves confidence that people, data and devices will function or behave in expected ways as well as it can be used to build new value-chain for future ICT infrastructure and services. Figure 1 shows trust keywords and various trustworthiness attributes that are categorized into three major factors: ability, integrity and benevolence. Many attributes can represent trustworthiness, which can be applied to ICT infrastructures and services.
Figure 1. Trust keywords and trustworthiness attributes
In this regard, ITU members have firstly approved new standards on trust for ICT infrastructures and services, in Question 16 for “Knowledge-centric trustworthy networking and services” under ITU-T Study Group (SG) 13 as follows.
- Recommendation ITU-T Y.3051 “The basic principles of trusted environment in ICT infrastructure” is devoted to the issue of creating trusted environment in ICT infrastructure providing information and communication services. It provides the definition, common requirements and the basic principles of creating trusted environment.
- Recommendation ITU-T Y.3052 “Overview of trust provisioning for information and communication technology infrastructures and services” provides an overview of trust provisioning in ICT infrastructures and services. From the general concept of trust, the key characteristics of trust are described. In addition, the trust relationship model and trust evaluation based on the conceptual model of trust provisioning are introduced.
With the progress of trust standardization work and successful completion of the above two standards, ITU-T members are continuously contributing to develop companion standards on trust. There are several on-going work on Y.turstworthy-media (Trustworthy smart media services), Y.trustnet-fw (Trustworthy networking), etc. From the perspectives of standardization, trust should be quantitatively and/or qualitatively calculated and measured, which is used to evaluate the values of physical components, value-chains among multiple stakeholders, and human behaviors including decision making. Accordingly, a new work on trust index to evaluate and quantify trustworthiness has been started. Among them, ITU-T members plan to approve one or two more standards this year.
With the help of trust standardization, future ICT infrastructures will require more reliable techniques to cope with the risks of knowledge sharing towards a knowledge society. Building and validating trusted relationships will be contingent on trust-related information and its processing for supporting trustworthy services and applications. As the lead group on trusted network infrastructures, ITU-T members will further stimulate trust standardization activities in the future, taking into account key technical, policy and governance issues through global collaboration with related standardization bodies.
(By Dr Gyu Myoung Lee)
The Information Society Paradox and the way forward towards its resolution
Rationalize the world
June 2017
The Future Networks is one of the topics under study in the SG13 according to its mandate. This means that the questions for the directions of the further development of the ICT are included in its subject area. In addition, the SG13 has Q5/13 (WP3/13) «Applying networks of future and innovation in developing countries» dedicated to such studies.
Thus, SG13 is a good place for tackling the problem raised in the publication below. The article represents the author's expert academic view on the future development and resolution of the narrow places in overall ICT development.
Contributions on these topics are under development and will be submitted to the attention of the SG13.The aim of the publications is to familiarize the SG13 audience with the coming new work proposed in future contributions.
The Information Society Paradox and the way forward towards its resolution
A paradox accompanying the modern development stage of the information society (IS) has been recognized. The IS paradox is that the streamline development of the ICT both in developed and developing countries is necessarily accompanied by the growth of material and cultural disparities.
This phenomenon leads to the growth of socially vulnerable groups of the population and contributes to a potential threat to social stability.
It is shown that the IS paradox can be solved by using the existing in modern ICT untapped potential of technological systems management and administration.
In recent years, ICT is increasingly becoming a determining factor in the development of all countries in the world, including Russia. ICT penetrate deeper into our everyday socio-economic life and by making noticeable changes, become the determining factor in what concerns the needs, interests, knowledge and skills of people. Developing and implementing new and new ICT, mainly at governmental expenses, the ICT companies very plausibly convince the public that another round of ICT development leads to the increasing standards of life. However, sociological and statistical measurements record the constant growth of the macroeconomic and macrosocial disparities, and the number of socially vulnerable groups of the population, the same in both developed and developing countries. Global mode of unequal economic and technological development creates, maintains and multiplies the centers of social tension in the world. Developed countries spend huge amounts of budget for the support of the socially vulnerable layers of the citizens in their respective countries.However, the "quenching" social fire with money cannot change the situation drastically. The quantitative increase of socially vulnerable layers of the citizens develops not only because of the worsening of material wealth, but because of visible decrease of their social capital and lack of chances to get to the current inefficient social support programmes. The latter is especially important for the younger generation of socially vulnerable categories of citizens.In this regard, it is necessary to mention another vital aspect threatening of social differentiation. In the event of an emergency and catastrophic situations of natural or man-made origin the socially vulnerable strata of the population are in the most vulnerable position.The root of the IS paradox is in the fact that the current direction of ICT development aimed at maximizing profits, objectively entails the use of ever new possible models of subscriber terminals, communication channels and services that become unavailable to an increasing number of citizens, due in particular to the level of education of this category of citizens. Also all services, even socially important, are being moved to the new technological platforms and these services delivery using the "old" technology is becoming more expensive than ever before.At the same time the advantages offered by ICT and the potential cumulated to date, can make ICT an effective tool for improving the living standards of socially vulnerable groups of the population. For this to happen it is only necessary to formulate the goal: in the development of new ICT to take into account the interests of socially vulnerable groups of the population.The authors have developed and studied the information control network (ICN) that is a complex of hardware, software, and organizational solutions for the building up the network for the provision of socially significant services to the wide range of users via a broadcast TV channel by sending additional information that subscribers can receive via the broadcast network using a conventional digital TV and interactive communication with the subscribers is enabled via narrowband return channel, as which may serve any available subscriber narrowband data channel.ICN is a more convenient option of providing socially important ICT services to socially unsecured people than the widely used network for a number of reasons. Among those:- the ICN is based on the existing ICT infrastructure. In order to access to the most necessary socially important services the subscribers need only the digital television signal (that by 2020 will cover almost 100% of the population) and a digital TV receiver,
- the ICN allows you to organize a trusted environment of ICT services for the socially vulnerable users, which through effective administration of these services minimizes the risk for this category of services.
On the basis of ICN any socially significant services may be offered, including those services that are traditionally offered today through personal computers and mobile phones, iPhones, etc.ICN was adopted as an ITU-T Recommendation in 2015.(By professor V. Sarian and professor V. Levashov)Rationalize the world
The article shows that the goals and tasks that the ITU community poses and that determine the long-term directions of ICT development, cease to be in harmony with the general slogan of the ITU "Committed to connecting the world" (or simply "Connecting the world"). The fact is that the fulfillment of the task of sustainable development, that is, essentially the construction of a noospheric society (according to V.I. Vernadsky) requires ICT not only to ensure the connection of the world's objects, but requires also the help in rational behavior in using of limited resources during the life activity. Perhaps one could think about not only connecting individuals, companies, devices but to play a more active role in this process, i.e., attempt to rationalize the world.We will show that the movement in this direction, with the development and wast implementation of the new ICT - Internet of things has already begun. Therefore, it should be noted, discussed, then start a targeted movement, although these solutions are extremely difficult to achieve for two reasons:- It is necessary to build a new model of economy organization - production and consumption, so that it consumes as little as possible of the limited resources.
- At the same time, there must be a mechanism for adapting to the continuous and rapid changes that have become a norm of the modern world.
The complexity of modern life is explained not only by the dizzying growth of its pace. The scale of human activity has unusually increased, and only this fact has set a lot of new, previously unknown problems. Every day more and more new borders, dividing mankind, are collapsing. Today, everything is tied so closely together, that every action provokes a huge number of side effects that cannot be taken into account.It is extremely difficult to make the optimal decision when managing the situation in the conditions characterized by many thousands of factors and mutual ties. Therefore, the objective difficulties in taking into account the current values of these multiple factors sometimes lead to irrational use of resources and inconsistencies in the work of individual parts of the system.One may judge of these conditions that the management is carried out under conditions of uncertainty. At the same time, the use of information from IoT sensors (these may be performed by any live and inert objects of the surrounding world, including a human) removes uncertainty in the control systems and allows to increase the efficiency of production and consumption several times.Such examples are known nowadays: industrial Internet, smart city, smart transport. Using the technology of the Internet of things drastically changes the behavior of people who also live "in a surrounding of the rapid changes in the situations at all the sides of life: everything changes rapidly - from the international situation to the demand for a particular kind of product, from the level of science and technology to the norms of human behavior."In these conditions, based on the technology of the Internet of things, systems of individualized services for helping a person in real time to find the optimal solution to his behavior have been constructed taking into account all factors (from his health state to the environmental conditions). Thus, the use of the Internet of things makes it possible to bring the level of management to the average consumer.Service for individualized management of the optimal behavior of a person in a given unfamiliar situation, and this situation is constantly changing, decreases the uncertainty in making managerial decisions due to the information from the IoT sensor devices that inform the user not only about the current state of the environment, but also applies a predictive algorism, that is, for example, in a critical situation for a person's health, to suggest a safe steps of behavior (for instance, to take a medicine).Nowadays at some big stores an individualized customer management is carried out: if the consumer enters the query for the good he is interested in, he receives through the wireless network the pointer to the desired place where this product is sold together with the price for it, and through the Internet he can compare this price with the price of other stores.The e-medicine systems are built using the same approach, namely, by receiving current environmental status and the health status indications at a given time, the system gives individualized tips for optimal patient behavior. In this case, data from the Internet of things are used. This data consists of the person himself, equipped with the e-health device, on one hand and on the other hand, environmental sensors, which can be performed by all live and static objects surrounding the person at the given moment of time.Moreover, this may take into account information that can affect a person's emotional state, like hot political news.The features of a new technological way have also been realized in solving the actual task of using ICT for saving people: providing the mass user with individualized infocommunication services.The shift of the center of gravity in management to the lower level allows to achieve the best result in reduction of the consumption of limited resources and reducing the risk of human and material losses in the event of emergency situations of natural and techno genic origin.Thus, introducing technologies of the Internet of Things one can essentially raise the issue of a scientifically constructed (with the help of ICT) controlled process to ensure the lowest consumption of limited resources and safety of life in the era of globalization and the development of a new form of management.The growing number of interrelated global and local, natural and social, techno genic and ecologic, military and political, economic and financial disasters raised the issue of their systematic scientific study in order to identify the structure of spontaneous and managed factors and causes, and to prevent human, material and financial losses. Essentially, this is a scientifically constructed (with the help of ICT) and managed process of ensuring the life safety in the era of globalization and the establishment of a new form of management.The following analogy comes to mind: from birth a person does not have natural means of global information interaction. These skills he gained in the course of evolution, informatization of the society. Today, a person has become a human-machine system and his interaction with other people and machine systems is impossible without the appropriate machine component.IoT is able not only to send signals from its sensors out, but also to receive incoming signals from outside, including control signals. Again, this network, presumably from the author's point of view, can be used to correct natural and techno genic processes. If this is possible, then this direction may mark a new step towards the establishment of the noosphere.The result of this integration will be the creation of a unique global monitoring network to monitor the impact of global natural processes on dynamic processes in nature objects. In particular, the characteristics of the adaptive capabilities of nature objects will be refined. In addition, direct information interaction of objects of nature, enabled by the Internet of Things, makes it possible to create chains that can correct existing natural and man-made processes.Thus, what the modern telecommunications are doing nowadays is not simply connecting the world but rationalizing it.(By professor V. Sarian and Dr A. Nazarenko) 
New ITU-T Recommendation ITU-T Y.3071 for ultra-low latency broadband communication in IMT-2020 networks
March 2017
Information centric networking (ICN) is believed to be an important and novel approach to realize ultra-low latency in mobile broadband communication in IMT-2020 networks. ICN provides proactive caching of data in routers in edge networks, reduces communication distance between user applications and data servers, and reduces redundant traffic in the core networks, thus increasing network and energy efficiencies. Moreover, it simplifies the distributed mobility management functions because it does not require the existence of any centralized mobility anchor point to manage each and every user equipment’s mobility state individually. It naturally supports multicast communication, thus enabling the network to efficiently provide high quality multimedia live streaming services.
ITU-T Y.3071 "Data Aware Networking (Information Centric Networking) – Requirements and Capabilities" was initiated in the last study period and got consent at the SG13 plenary in 2017 February as the first Recommendation getting approval in the new study period (2017-2020) in the category of IMT-2020 networking technologies. Y.3071 specifies the requirements of DAN (ICN), identifies the capabilities to fulfil these requirements, and describes the functional components included in these capabilities.
Under the term Data Aware Networking (DAN) ICN was already an important study item in the ITU-T Study Group 13 during past study period (2013-2016). DAN is one of the four objectives of future networks design (i.e. service-awareness, data-awareness, environmental-awareness and socio-economic awareness).
Question Q22/13 works on various aspects of ICN, such as (not limited to) optimal caching mechanism, mobility management mechanism, data discovery and routing.
ICN Network Structure, Y.3071
(By Dr Ved Kafle)
