Page 50 - ITU Kaleidoscope 2016

this, it raises the risk of cyber security breaches and other autonomous vehicles, drones and even ubiquitous entities
cyber forensic issues and the legal concerns about fixing such as wearables, smart phone, tablets, home automation
responsibility and accountability in the event of such a components interlinked to the Internet of Things (IoT). The
vehicle meeting with an accident. glaring fact is that the Laws, Regulations and Ethics cannot
In this converged environment with super intelligent keep pace with the rapidly emerging new technologies.
thinking machines endowed with reasoning, determining
their own action/reaction in a given situation with fuzzy In the six decades since AI was born, it has become
integrated in some form or the other in many diverse
knowledge of the result of their action, interacting with
humans, the abstractions of virtual world changing to applications, and usage, e.g. in ubiquitous computing, smart
reality poses a great challenge to dominance and safety of phones, mobile apps, mobile internet, Big data, social
networks, autonomous vehicles (AV), drones, Internet of
human society. There appears the need for aligning the Things, Clouds, Cyber Physical Systems (Robotics),
super intelligent machines to the ethical codes that
incidentally in humans also developed in the process of advanced Health Care, Surveillance programs, Flexible
Manufacturing, Smart cities, and Intelligent Decision
civilization over centuries as a result of philosophical
thought, moral codes of religions in the west and east, Support Systems, to name some.
renaissance, social reforms and philosophers like Immanuel The ethics of artificial intelligence is the part of the ethics
Kant who influenced greatly the West. Drawing a parallel of technology specific to robots and other artificially
from human history and civilization, the scientific intelligent agents, and beings. Each domain in the examples
community engaged in AI/cognitive informatics/cognitive listed above raises its own ethical concerns. While the areas
robotics has the opportunity to design and build robots with listed above have in the background AI programs,
characteristics that ensure their coexistence in the real Intelligent Agents, Knowledge Bases, smart materials and
world in peace and harmony with humans and collaborative subsystems, the regulatory policy and ethics have to be
functionality. considered domain-wise. For example, what happens when
a self-driving car has a software failure and hits a
2. PRESENT SCENARIO pedestrian, or a drone’s camera happens to capture images
of persons in a private swimming pool or an autonomous
The present century is driven by Information and robot injures or kills a human? Smartness of systems is
Communications Technology (ICT), which involves
integration of telecommunications and computer networks achieved by ubiquitous or pervasive computing. Locational
Privacy is easily the most often-cited criticism of
being at the heart of all major systems such as energy ubiquitous computing. Can and should there be whistle
systems, transportation and communications forming the
infrastructure of our living environment. Smart cities of blower like behavior of bots used for customer support,
tomorrow envisage urban development vision to integrate trading etc. that detect and flag fraud or other unethical
behavior it detects? Should a smart robot built for purpose,
multiple ICT and Internet of Things (IoT) solutions in a
secure fashion to manage a city’s assets – banks, schools, say security, be extended to or learn to help in the case of a
medical emergency and who is accountable if a tragedy
libraries, transportation systems, hospitals, power plants, ensued?
water supply networks, waste management, law
enforcement, and other community services. Smart cities The extraordinary build-out of the communication networks
embody smart systems, and AI methodology is at their that link computers together is almost as remarkable as the
heart with the main objective to improve the contact explosion in computing power. Mobile communication, 4G,
between citizens, service providers and government with a 5G, coupled with optical fiber communication
view to improve transparency, efficiency, productivity and infrastructure making available huge bandwidths have
the quality of life of citizens. resulted in faster emergence and rapid diffusion of the
Digital Economy more widely throughout the world than
Ethics developed concepts of right and wrong for morals
and social conduct of humans living in a civilized society. previous technological revolutions [4] giving rise to a new
era in human development. Pervasive computing, fuzzy
In earlier days the moral philosophy, religion and culture
used to provide guidelines for acceptable social behavior logic [5], cognitive informatics [6] - a new frontier located
in
an
which encompasses
area,
interdisciplinary
for humans by prescribing do’s and don’ts. In the current informatics, computer science, software engineering,
day, governments make legal, regulatory policy and
governance frameworks to maintain and safeguard peace mathematics, knowledge theory, cognition science,
and safety aimed at creating the environment conducive to neurobiology, psychology, and physiology, tend to make
artificial intelligence approach human level natural
socio-economic development. As societies become
industrialized and as technology becomes part of common intelligence. Where would this lead us to? At this point in
time no one can exactly predict the ultimate magnitude of
human life, many new ethical problems tend to arise that the changes set in motion.
impinge on human safety, which need to be addressed by
system designers and regulatory authorities. In the modern
world, humans are constrained to coexist with entities The new age where AI and super smart robots are a reality
is upon us – as demonstrated by digital assistants incuding
created by law such as organizations, companies and
regulators on the one hand and on the other hand, Google now, Siri (from Apple), Alexa (from Amazon),
Cortana (from Microsoft), Google translate, Autonomous
technological entities such as robots, driver-less
vehicles from Google, Tesla, autonomous Uber and
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