Page 164 - Trust in ICT 2017

2 Trust in ICT

– (Diversity): There are cultural and linguistic diversities that play a role in the supply of creative work.
The promotion, affirmation and preservation of diverse cultural identities and languages will further
enrich the future knowledge society.
– (Social connectivity): Everyone has the freedom of opinion and expression without interference.
Communication is a fundamental social process. The information and communication technology
can accelerate the social nature of individuals and communities.
– (Linked chain): Data consists of a set of data records linked together and organized by links or
references. The linked data structure with linked lists or search trees is very useful to retrieve and
identify their properties. Metadata includes the descriptive or related information of links. With the
help of links and metadata information, the relationships among data, information, and knowledge
will be defined.
– (Technology): The development of ICT technologies ensures free and common benefits of
knowledge. It encourages innovation with collaboration, and research and developments with
better scientific knowledge sharing. It is important to promote thinking about technical and legal
feasibilities of knowledge certification and standards by ensuring users' access to reliable and
relevant contents. In order to promote the spread and sharing of knowledge by developing ICT
technologies (e.g. tools, freeware, common hardware, etc.), the step-wise plans of standardization
with priority are essential.

Types of standards and open standards
There is a distinction between formal, de facto, and de jure standards. Formal standards are elaborated by
standardization bodies. Both ITU and ISO/IEC are formal standardization bodies according to such a
classification. De facto standards are technologies standardized through market mechanisms, and de jure
standards are imposed by law. In addition, there are three levels of standards: reference, minimum quality
and compatibility/interoperability standards. The compatibility/interoperability standards ensure that one
component may successfully be incorporated into a larger system given an adherence to the interface
specification of the standard.
De facto standards are often developed by industrial consortia or vendors. Examples of such standards are
the World Wide Web (W3) consortium currently developing a new version of the HTML format for the web.
The W3 consortium is independent of, but closely linked to, the standardization process of IETF. Some of the
consortia operate independently of the international standardization bodies. Therefore, there may be some
conflicts in governmental regulations or industry-specific requirements caused by fundamental climatic,
geographical, technological, or infrastructural factors, or the stringency of safety requirements that a given
standard authority considers appropriate.

An open standard is publicly available and has various rights to use associated with it, and may also has
various properties of how it was designed (e.g. open process). The different meanings of openness are
associated with their usage including the openness of the resulting specification, the openness of the drafting
process, and the ownership of rights in the standard. If some standards are sometimes proprietary and only
available under restrictive contract terms from the organization that owns the copyright on the specification,
such specifications are not considered to be fully open; therefore, they cannot be called open standards.
They may satisfy "reasonable and non-discriminatory" patent licensing fee requirements in order to be
accepted by ITU-T standards.

Conceptual framework for standardization of knowledge information infrastructure
Standardization is a simple and straightforward process with a necessary basis for far-reaching technical
consensus. The development of the ICT infrastructure including the standards should be recognized as a
highly complex socio-technical negotiation process. The understanding of how to build the ICT infrastructure
with social, economic, political and technical considerations is interacted with the overall design of the
knowledge society which classifies and conceptualizes to grasp the role of standards in the development of
future information infrastructures.

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