Page 76 - FIGI: Security Aspects of Distributed Ledger Technologies

300 Karame, G & Androulaki, E (2012) Two Bitcoins at the Price of One? Double-Spending Attacks on Fast Payments in
Bitcoin, available at http:// bit .ly/ 2xWalEI; See also Podolanko, J & Ming, J et al. (2017) Countering Double-Spend
Attacks on Bitcoin Fast-Pay Transactions, available at http:// bit .ly/ 32wX0AR
301 Karame, G & Androulki, E, et al. (2015) Forwarding Double-Spending Attempts in the Network, available at https:// bit .ly/
2FhKiMI
302 Estimated to be as low as USD275,000 per hour against Bitcoin Core and USD75,000 against Ethereum as of December
2018. Fadilpasic, S (2018) 51% Attacks on Crypto-currencies Are Getting Cheaper, available at https:// bit .ly/ 2KY8WTy
303 At present, Crypto1 estimates a 51% attack on Bitcoin Core for one hour would cost USD315,000 and USD81,000 on
Ethereum. See Crypto51 (2019) POW 51% Attack Cost, available at http:// bit .ly/ 2JDWR71; Bharel, D (2018) How Proof of
Stake Renders a 51% Attack Unlikely and Unappealing, available at https:// bit .ly/ 2HeKVZw
304 One view is that the best defense for smaller crypto projects wanting to protect themselves against a 51 percent attack
is to use encryption algorithms not typically adopted by large virtual currencies. See Godshall, J (2018) Five Successful
51 Percent Attacks Have Earned Cryptocurrency Hackers $20 Million in 2018, available at https:// bit .ly/ 2XNUjIz
305 Craig, I & Clarke, S, et al. (2018) The Hive: Agent-Based Mining in Litecoin Cash, available at http:// bit .ly/ 2JOwbPT
306 Ehrsam, F (2017) Blockchain Governance: Programming Our Future, available at http:// bit .ly/ 30yHEdc
307 Ehrsam, F (2017) Funding the Evolution of Blockchains, available at http:// bit .ly/ 2Y8PpJf
308 Typosquatters and domain squatters have boasted using trade names of crypto-currencies to commit substantial
fraud. https:// thenextweb .com/ hardfork/ 2019/ 03/ 21/ bitcoin -scammer -boasts -760000 -payday -through -dark -web
-domain -squatting/
309 With 8 Block Producers (BPs) of EOS of the top 21 being based in China, this has raised community concerns of
centralization and integrity of the EOS blockchain. Similarly, there is concern as to what would occur if all Chinese BP
servers were shut down by the authorities. EOS Go Blog (2019) Chinese dominance of EOS Governance, available at
https:// bit .ly/ 2pHXaql
310 Perez, Y (2019) Maker Foundation Reveals a “Critical Bug” in Its Governance Voting Contract, available at http:// bit .ly/
2O3xu2S
311 Hsieh, Y; Vergne, J & Wang, S (2018) The Internal and External Governance of Blockchain-based Organizations:
Evidence from Crypto-currencies, available at http:// bit .ly/ 2JSjMKI
312 Bitcoin scalability disputes (such as changing the Bitcoin block size) led to several competing hard forks being Bitcoin
Core, Bitcoin Gold, Bitcoin Cash, Bitcoin ABC, Bitcoin Unlimited, and Bitcoin SV. O’Neal, S (2018) Bitcoin Cash Hard
Fork Battle: Who Is Winning the Hash War, available at http:// bit .ly/ 2LtqHxb; Ouimet, S (2018) One Month Later, Which
Crypto Is Winning the Bitcoin Cash Split?, available at http:// bit .ly/ 2XXd0Zj. Ethereum forked with regard to handling
the consequences of ‘The DAO’ vulnerability spawning Ethereum Classic, ETH and ETC. Moskov, A (2019) Ethereum
Classic vs Ethereum (ETC vs ETH): What’s the Difference?, available at http:// bit .ly/ 2M1GkLY. See also Zamfir, V (2019)
Blockchain Governance 101, available at http:// bit .ly/ 2LuHqAn
313 Vitalik (2017) Notes on Blockchain Governance, available at http:// bit .ly/ 2YjAnAE
314 Vitalik (2017) Notes on Blockchain Governance, available at http:// bit .ly/ 2YjAnAE. See also Maas, T (2018) The Curious
Tale of Tezos —from a $232 MILLION ICO to 4 class action lawsuits, available at http:// bit .ly/ 2GjswZl; Ayton, N (2017)
What Lessons Can Be Learnt From Tezos ICO Debacle, available at http:// bit .ly/ 2Y67XKf; Casey, M (2018) It’s Too Soon
for On-Chain Governance, available at http:// bit .ly/ 2M0OyUG
315 Vitalik (2017) Notes on Blockchain Governance, available at http:// bit .ly/ 2YjAnAE
316 ibid Perez, Y (2019) The controversies of blockchain governance and rough consensus, available at http:// bit .ly/ 2LYuy4X
317 Van Wirdum, A (2016) Who Funds Bitcoin Core Development? How the Industry Supports Bitcoin's 'Reference Client',
https:// bit .ly/ 2tTcPlf; Van Wirdum, A (2016) Bitcoin Core Launches 'Sponsorship Programme' to Fund Development and
More, available at https:// bit .ly/ 2EMs6co; Bitcoin Core (2016) Bitcoin Core Sponsorship Programme FAQ, available at
http:// bit .ly/ 2M0rNQo
318 Novikov, I (2018) Why Are Crypto Exchanges Hacked So Often?, available at http:// bit .ly/ 2Y2lDC1
319 Huang, R (2019) Kiva Partners With UN And Sierra Leone To Credit Score The Unbanked With Blockchain, available at
http:// bit .ly/ 2SrqIT5
320 Huang, R (2019) Kiva Partners With UN And Sierra Leone To Credit Score The Unbanked With Blockchain, available at
http:// bit .ly/ 2SrqIT5
321 1,461,501,637,330,902,918,203,684,832,716,283,019,655,932,542,976
322 D’Aliessi (2016) How Does the Blockchain Work?, available at http:// bit .ly/ 2xRE6qa

74 Security Aspects of Distributed Ledger Technologies